This article delves into the significant disparities between early modern factions and contemporary parties with regards to their representation and implementation in the legal and theoretical frameworks of early modern law, as well as their practical applications. Specifically, this discussion is centered within the Swiss Confederation, encompassing communal (local), cantonal (territorial), and federal levels, alongside the implications of these entities on foreign relations. The primary objective of this analysis is to elucidate the pivotal distinctions between these factions and parties, shedding light on the historical, theoretical, and practical contexts in which they evolved and interacted within the Swiss Confederation, a unique example of a federal republic that has survived for centuries. By examining the historical development, characteristics, and roles of early modern factions and contemporary parties within the Swiss Confederation, this article aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities of political organization and representation in early modern times and their relevance in contemporary political theory and practice.